The Process of Developing Policies The President and...

Harry Truman was once asked ‘who made US foreign policy’ he simply replied ‘I do’ . The United State president has always put the issue of foreign affairs to the fore front in order to retain the superpower America is. Although the President is viewed as the key decision maker in foreign policy the executive branch is not the only branch involved in determining the course of American foreign policy. The process of developing policies is of great importance to the branches involved because the United states government has the power to influence the lives of many people through the polices. While it’s believed that the president determines foreign policy, it has been said my many scholars who work in the field of constitutional law that†¦show more content†¦European intervention in Latin America resurfaced as in issue in U.S. foreign policy which became a focus of his attention in 1902 and has often been characterized as the ‘big stickâ⠂¬â„¢. European governments began to use force to collect debt from debt ridden countries this animosity encouraged Roosevelt to step in and issue his corollary which he tied to the Monroe doctrine. Roosevelt stated linking his corollary to the Monroe Doctrine justifies the United States in exercising ‘International Police power’ and American intervention in the western hemisphere to put an end to chronic unrest or wrongdoing in the western hemisphere. This involvement just goes to show how much influence the president has on foreign policy decision because Roosevelt was ruthless with congress and often going against their rulings to achieve his policies. Joseph Nye states ‘He succeeded in transforming the way the US was perceived and acted globally as a power but not in transforming the way the public saw their role in the world’ It could be argued that the leap forward in American Foreign Policy was initiated by Roosevelt. This leads me on to another president who exercised his presidential influence in foreignShow MoreRelatedThe American Political System Is Defined As A Constitutional Democracy1228 Words   |  5 Pagesthe country. The President is a head of executive branch, who offers bills to the Congress, enforces federal laws, controls foreign policy, serves as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and with the approval of the Senate, makes treaties and appoints secretaries (ministers). President can veto a bill unless Congress by a two-thirds vote shall overrule it. The Constitution of the USA is the central instrument of American government and the supreme law of the land. The president s relationship withRead MoreThe National Security Act Of 1947 Centralized Command And Promoted Intelligence Sharing Between Institutions1591 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween institutions by establishing a Secretary of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Director of Central Intelligence, and NSC. 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A more recent example is President Barack Obama attempting to deal with the terrorist organization, ISIS, because they are threatening the security of American allies. In the past, multiple other presidents have intervened in Middle Eastern affairs because they believe that doing so would be in the best interest of the United States. The importance of Middle Eastern affairs to the United States during the 1960sRead MoreRussia QA Essay1604 Words   |  7 Pagesand ideology, national power and international relationships as well as foreign policy. The paper will also describe the Russian commitments and its national security relationships with the United States. Question one. National purpose of Russia Russia is keen to increase her economic growth, protect the security of her people and safeguard vital markets for her products. The country has managed to use technology in developing military influence to protect her people and enhance power and influenceRead MoreAustralia s Relationship With Indonesia1712 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Australian-Indonesian relations are the foreign relations between the two countries, whether economically, politically, legally or socially. Australian-Indonesian relations involve an interaction in foreign policies between the two nations (Wolfsohn, 1951, p. 68). As long as Indonesia is Australia s closest and largest neighbor, they are bound to have great international relations. These relations began as early as the 17th century and had only become enhanced with time (Daly, 2003Read MoreThe Department Of Commerce And Labor1061 Words   |  5 Pagesassistant secretary for legislative and intergovernmental affairs and chief information officer falls under the direction of the deputy secretary. The offices of public affairs, business liaison, executive secretary, white house liaison and policy and strategic planning falls under the direction of the chief of staff (Department of Commerce). The Department of Commerce also works with the Department of State to provide information about foreign trade opportunities throughout the world (Shuman, R. B

Motivation in the Workplace Free Essays

Motivation and the Workplace What is motivation? According to Schermerhorn, â€Å"Motivation is an internal force that accounts for the level, direction, and persistence of effort expended at work,† (116). What do level, direction, and persistence refer to? Level is â€Å"the amount of effort a person puts forth,† direction is â€Å"an individual’s choice when presented with a number of possible alternatives,† and persistence which is â€Å"the length of time a person sticks with a given action,† (Schermerhorn, 102). When we look into motivation theories we see that there are content theories and process theories. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation in the Workplace or any similar topic only for you Order Now We find that content theories â€Å"focus primarily on individual needs-physiological or psychological deficiencies that we feel a compulsion to reduce or eliminate,† (Schermerhorn, 102). Process theories â€Å"focus on how cognitive processes as thoughts and decisions within the minds of people influence their behavior,† (Schermerhorn, 102). These theories bring us functional self-awareness to different theories where we are able to â€Å"identify their key management implications,† (Schermerhorn, 102). We start with ‘Needs Theories of Motivation’ which are content theories that â€Å"suggest that motivation results from our attempts to satisfy important needs,† (Schermerhorn, 103). One part of the ‘Needs Theories of Motivation’ is the acquired needs theory which consists of the need for achievement (nAch), â€Å"the desire to do something better or more efficiently, to solve problems, or to master complex tasks,†(Schermerhorn, 104); the need for affiliation (nAff), â€Å"the desire to establish and maintain friendly and warm relations with others,† (Schermerhorn, 105); and the need for power (nPower), â€Å"the desire to control others, to influence their behavior, or to be responsible for others,† (Schermerhorn, 105). These needs are something found in the workplace, someone with the need for achievement is someone who likes to be challenged and loves to receive what feedback they can get. Someone with the need for affiliation is someone who likes to be able to communicate and have social relationships and someone with the need for power wants attention and people to answer to them. â€Å"These three needs are acquired†¦ [and] believed it may be possible to teach people to develop need profiles required for success in various types of jobs,† (Schermerhorn, 105). Another part of the ‘Needs Theories of Motivation’ is the two-factor theory â€Å"also known as the motivator-hygiene theory,† (Schermerhorn, 106). This theory consists of hygiene factors, â€Å"sources of job dissatisfaction, and they are found in the job context or work setting,† (Schermerhorn, 106) and the motivator factors, â€Å"sources of job satisfaction,† (Schermerhorn, 106). According to Schermerhorn, the hygiene factors or job dissatisfactions are things like organizational policies, quality of supervision, working conditions, relationships with co-workers, status and security, and base wage or salary (106). The motivator factors or job satisfaction are things like achievement, recognition, work itself, responsibility, advancement, and growth (106). According to Herzberg, â€Å"If you want people to do a good job, give them a good job to do,† (Schermerhorn, 107). We now move onto the ‘Equity Theory of Motivation’ which â€Å"argues that any perceived inequity becomes a motivating state of mind,† (Schermerhorn, 107). Procedural Justice â€Å"is the degree to which the rules and procedures specified by policies are properly followed in all cases to which they are applied,† (Schermerhorn, 109); Distributive Justice â€Å"is the degree to which all people are treated the same under a policy, regardless of race, ethnicity, gender, age, or any other demographic characteristic,† (Schermerhorn, 109); Interactional Justice â€Å"is the degree to which the people affected by a decision are treated with dignity and respect,† (Schermerhorn, 109); and Commutative Justice â€Å"is the degree to which exchanges and transactions among parties is considered free and fair,† (Schermerhorn, 109). Do we need motivation in our workplace? Are we able to really see the effort people will put forth or the choices people will decide to use or how long people will work on something? We are able to see how to determine if someone is in need of achievement, affiliation, and power. We are also abl e to understand job dissatisfactions and satisfactions, and how people view what’s going on in their workplaces. Works Cited Schermerhorn Jr, J. R. , Osborn, R. N. , Uhl-Bien, M. , Hunt, J. G. (2012). Organizational behavior. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc How to cite Motivation in the Workplace, Essay examples Motivation in The Workplace Free Essays Bonus pay can be defined as a payment In Dalton to an employee’s base salary or hourly wage. Bonus pay is normally used to reward employees for a job well done, but it can be used to improve employee morale, productivity and motivation as well. Bonus’s usually work best in an environment where the job greatly depends on an employee or employees to accomplish a goal with high effectiveness. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation in The Workplace or any similar topic only for you Order Now With bonus payments, there is a significant advantage. Offering a cash amount to employees who complete a specific goal can offer Incentive. It also expresses a sign of appreciation awards an employee(s). This can then motivate en employee to continue working hard to achieve another bonus payment. There are disadvantages to bonus payments, such as a high cost for the company. Giving out bonus payments yearly, during holidays or at other times, must be calculated to figure out how many employees a company can afford to give a bonus to. Another drawback to bonus payments Is having to pay taxes. A bonus Is added to your yearly Income, meaning a large bonus means higher taxes. Commissions Commission payments are an amount of money, whether it be a percentage or a flat ate, paid to an employee after completing a task, such as selling a product. Commission may be paid in addition to a salary or Instead of a salary. Commission works best in a retail sales business. Real estate is a good example. In retail sales, commission pay can encourage an employee to put 100% effort into a sale. When a worker Is offered commission pay, whether It’s In addition to a salary or not, it offers the employee a high paying opportunity, as the number or sales they make effect their pay. By paying commission It also allows the company to weed out those who are not able to succeed at the job. If an employee cannot earn enough by commission pay, the company is then left with only the top earners, who clearly succeed at their jobs. A fluctuation in pay is considered a disadvantage. Some weeks an employee may earn a high amount, while other weeks sales may be very slow and earnings will be extremely low. This Is the largest disadvantage to commission sales. Especially If a worker Is being paid commission only – with no salary, an employee may end up working for many hours while not earning any money. Employee Stock Ownership (ESP.) Employee Stock Ownership is a program where employees accumulate shares and ay ultimately assume control of the company. These stocks can be acquired through purchase, or through bonuses. Seeps work best for large companies such as West Jet or other airlines. Sop’s can increase production and profitability, and Improve employees’ dedication and sense of ownership. When employees become owners in the company, they become more loyal and productive. Seeps also offer significant tax breaks to a company. Some disadvantages to Seeps are that an employee basically has all of their eggs in one basket, so if the company does not perform, the employee’s investment could be lost. In addition to a loss of investment, s more shares are purchased, an employee’s share becomes a smaller percentage of Gain-sharing is when a company’s employees’ performance improves, that company will share the financial gain. Gain sharing works to improve performance while eliminating wasted time, energy and materials. This way, as the employees’ performance progresses, they profit from the company’s savings from the improved performance. With gain-sharing, it focuses on rewarding only performance improvement, and payouts are self-funded from savings generated by the plan. Employees become more interested in the company’s goals. Measures are narrower Han organization-wide profit and therefore gains may be paid even though profits may be down. Gain-sharing also requires that management openly shares information about performance, therefore a participative management style works best. Gain-sharing works best in a work place that focuses on groups rather than individual accomplishments. Profit-sharing Profit sharing is when the people who work for a company receive a direct share of the profits. The payouts are funded through company profits. Unlike gain-sharing, payouts are made when there is profit, performance doesn’t necessarily have to show improvement. With profit sharing employees will be focused on the company’s profitability. This motivates employees to work together for the success of the company. This in turn will allow employees to feel more committed to the company. Disadvantages of profit sharing include the fact that employees pay goes up equally, and there can be major fluctuations in smaller companies. This can then be very difficult for employees with their pay varying so much. Merit Pay Merit pay is extra pay rewarded to an employee regarding performance. If an employee succeeds at his or her Job, they are then rewarded with an additional mount of money to their regular salary. This type of financial incentive works excellent in environments where employees work independently, as each employee can then be rewarded (or not rewarded) for their performance individually. Merit pay works well at Jobs related to retail sales. Merit pay is a very good motivator for employees. It shows the direct connection between hard work and rewards. An employee can be individually rewarded according to their performance. Merit pay also increases the commitment of employees. Each person will then strive to succeed to the best of their ability because they know it will be compensated. This is very good for company profit. Employees will also be more likely to stay within a company if they feel secure within their Job. Hard work being rewarded allows an employee to feel comfortable and secure. A disadvantage to merit pay is it can be affected by outside factors. In the case of a retail sales employee, sometimes no matter how hard they work to make a sale, that person may Just not want to purchase that item. This is a factor that cannot be controlled, and affects that employee’s pay. Merit pay also can cause pressure. If an employee is constantly worried about not being able to succeed ND earn a higher paycheck through their performance, that may affect their abilities as they are stressed out. Skill-based pay Skill-based pay is when employees are paid based on their individual skill levels knowledge and acquire new skills. This is best for self – motivated employees. Being paid according to skills allows the employee to focus on career development. This means you have to continue to develop new skills and education through courses and training if you want to increase your pay. Another disadvantage of knowledge- based pay is employees may feel bitter towards one another due to difference in pay. How to cite Motivation in The Workplace, Papers

God Exists Essay Example For Students

God Exists Essay The existence of God has been a question since the idea of God was conceived Descartes tries to prove Gods existence, and to show that there is without a doubt something external to ones own existence. He is looking for a definite certainty, a foundation for which he can base all of his beliefs and know that they are true. Descartes overall project is to find a definite certainty on which he can base all his knowledge and beliefs. Descartes attacks the principles that support everything he believes with his Method of Doubt. The Method of Doubt is Descartes method of fundamental questioning in which he doubts everything that there is the slightest reason to doubt. Think about it like this. Almost everything you believe to be true comes from the senses or through the senses. However, the senses are sometimes deceptive. Since the senses are not completely trustworthy, it is irrational to place complete trust in them. However, it is no small leap of faith to presume that everything our senses tell us is false. In fact, it seems almost absurd to say such a thing. Nevertheless, as Descartes points out, we have dreams regularly and in these dreams, everything we experience is a figment of our imagination, or at least not real in the physical sense. So, it is reasonable to doubt everything our senses tell us, for the time being. Now, using similar logic, we can say that everything we have learned from physics, astrono my, medicine, and other such fields are all doubtful. Descartes even believed we could say that such simple, logical statements as 2+3 = 5 or a square has 4 sides could be conceived to be false. Since I judge that others sometimes make mistakes in matters that they believe they know most perfectly, may I not, in like fashion, be deceived every time I add two and three or count the sides of a square We are now at the point where we are doubting everything the world around us, that we have a body, and anything else that we could possibly believe. Perhaps I even doubt that I exist myself. In doing this, I am in the act of doubting. How can I doubt something if I do not exist? Similarly, maybe I am deceived into thinking I do not exist by some other entity. Then I must exist for it is I who is being deceived. This is the basic premise of Descartes famous Cogito Ergo Sum I think therefore I am. Here Descartes is not saying anything about what we are here, just that we are. Next, his goal is to find out exactly what he is. Well, Descartes states, if I exist, for how long do I exist? I exist for as long as I think, and if I cease to think, then I shall also cease to exist. Therefore, I am nothing but a thinking thing that is, a thing that doubts, understands, affirms, denies, wills, refuses, and that also imagines and senses. Although saying he is all of these things is indeed a bold statement. Descartes feels that in his attempt to prove that he exists he has done all of those things, therefore they must be a part of what he is . Decartes goes on to prove the existence of God. He begins this by stating that nothing can be created from nothing, and that the less perfect can not create something more perfect or better than itself. He explains that he knows he is not perfect because he doubts, and knowing is more perfect than doubting. From that he determines that within him lies this idea of a perfect being, and that he is incapable of coming to such an idea by himself. If there is an idea in our minds that we didnt create, something else created it. He saw nothing in nature that would qualify as superior in the sense that he had stated, so he determined that the only other logical answer was that God placed it in him, therefore, God exists. Berkeley would argue that Descartes is wasting his time by trying to discover what must be absolutely true in the real world. In his Dialogue, Berkeley argues that there is no real world, and that all sensible objects, those which can be immediately perceived, exist only in the mind. He starts by proving that secondary or external qualities exist only in the mind by use of the Relativity of Perception Argument. As an example, Berkeley writes that if you make one of your hands hot and the other cold, and put them into a vessel of water, the water will seem cold to one hand and warm to the other. Since the water can not be warm and cold at the same time, it must follow that heat, a secondary quality, must only exist in the mind. Berkeley also uses the qualities of taste, sound, and color as examples to prove that all secondary qualities must reside in the mind. .u32da22ee517621fa0ca9ba6644b1a259 , .u32da22ee517621fa0ca9ba6644b1a259 .postImageUrl , .u32da22ee517621fa0ca9ba6644b1a259 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u32da22ee517621fa0ca9ba6644b1a259 , .u32da22ee517621fa0ca9ba6644b1a259:hover , .u32da22ee517621fa0ca9ba6644b1a259:visited , .u32da22ee517621fa0ca9ba6644b1a259:active { border:0!important; } .u32da22ee517621fa0ca9ba6644b1a259 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u32da22ee517621fa0ca9ba6644b1a259 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u32da22ee517621fa0ca9ba6644b1a259:active , .u32da22ee517621fa0ca9ba6644b1a259:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u32da22ee517621fa0ca9ba6644b1a259 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u32da22ee517621fa0ca9ba6644b1a259 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u32da22ee517621fa0ca9ba6644b1a259 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u32da22ee517621fa0ca9ba6644b1a259 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u32da22ee517621fa0ca9ba6644b1a259:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u32da22ee517621fa0ca9ba6644b1a259 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u32da22ee517621fa0ca9ba6644b1a259 .u32da22ee517621fa0ca9ba6644b1a259-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u32da22ee517621fa0ca9ba6644b1a259:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Character Protect Life EssayHowever, Berkeley also says the same argument can be applied to primary or intrinsic qualities. He writes that his own foot might seem a considerable dimension, but to smaller creatures, that same foot might seem very large. Since an object can not be different sizes at the same time, it follows that extension must exist only in the mind. Further, since all other primary characteristics can not be separated from extension, they too must exist only in the mind. As for what I believe about this argument, I dont totally believe it. It makes perfect logical sense the way that he obtains many of the arguments, and while they are all built on a foundation that is strong for Descartes, himself, I do not always share the foundations that he believes in. The way that he explains it is not the only possible conclusion and it seems like he is limiting himself in his search for truth in that he does not explore the fact that maybe there is no perfect being. Just because we are not perfect certainly does not mean that there is true perfection somewhere and the idea of perfection that we have is more or less a fuzzy one and because of the fact that it is different for everyone, there might not be a true absolute definition of what it really is. While Descartes proof is very interesting in how he goes about deriving truths by exploring some of the options that might be the truth, I do have a hard time accepting some of the conclusions that he states as t ruths.